How technology applied to diabetes can prevent complications

Diabetes affects millions of people worldwide. Poor glucose management can lead to serious long-term complications, such as cardiovascular diseases, kidney damage, neuropathy and impaired vision. The key factor in avoiding these issues is maintaining glucose within adequate ranges and improving treatment adherence. Technology is now a major ally in making these objectives a reality.

Continuous glucose monitoring

Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGM) enable real-time tracking of glucose variations within the interstitial fluid, providing alerts for hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia events. They use the Time in Range (TIR) indicator—the percentage of time glucose levels remain within target ranges—to assess overall glycaemic controls.¹ Unlike traditional capillary measurement (fingersticks), these devices enable trends to be detected and reduce glycaemic variability. Thanks to devices like these, people living with diabetes achieve better levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and reduce the risk of long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications¹.

Insulin pumps and automated systems

The use of insulin pumps and, more recently, advanced systems - including hybrid, closed-loop, and automated insulin delivery systems - combine precise insulin administration with data from glucose sensors. They are primarily used for type 1 diabetes, but evidence is growing for insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. These systems improve glycaemic control, reduce hypoglycaemia, and lower the risk of metabolic decompensation. Several studies have shown that this technology not only improves metabolic management, but also reduces acute events and is associated with improved metabolic control, which may contribute to reducing long-term risks².

Mobile applications and telemedicine

Digitalisation has driven the development of apps to manage diabetes that enable meals, physical activity and glucose levels to be recorded. They also include reminders, educational programs and the option of sharing information with the medical team at a distance. The latest ones even enable some connected systems to allow bolus delivery directly via the app, under medical supervision. 

Digital interventions, like mobile applications and text messages, have proven themselves to be effective in reducing HbA1c and improving treatment adherence³. Telemedicine also opens up access to specialised monitoring, especially in rural or underdeveloped areas. Medical information shared online should always be verified with a healthcare professional.

Artificial intelligence and predictive models

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionising diabetes care. Thanks to predictive models and “digital twins”, it is now possible to anticipate glycaemic excursions or metabolic decompensations, and recommend personalised adjustments to a person's diet, exercise and medication (should complement professional guidance). These tools may assist people with diabetes to act before glucose levels stay at levels outside the target range, diminishing the accumulated risk of chronic complications². 

Preventing specific complications

Besides glucose management, technology can also contribute to early detection and prevention of complications. Retinal cameras with AI-assisted analysis can enable the onset of diabetic retinopathy to be detected in the early stages; smart insoles and temperature-sensing devices can help to prevent ulcers in diabetic feet; and digital screening tools offer a faster and more timely diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy and neuropathy.5 These innovations can help to reduce amputations, blindness and advanced kidney disease⁴.

Challenges and the future

Despite all the advances, some challenges still remain: unequal access to technologies like these, the cost of devices, the need for continuous education for patients and professionals and data protection.

However, the future is promising: smart self-regulating insulins, totally automated closed administration systems, and even less invasive technologies are being developed and could transform diabetes care in the coming decade.

Technology is transforming diabetes management. Innovations, ranging from continuous glucose monitoring to artificial intelligence, are significantly enhancing glucose tracking, reducing complications, and improving the quality of life for people with diabetes. However, to ensure these benefits reach everyone, greater focus is needed on accessibility, education, and integration within existing healthcare systems.